Futa Physics Syllabus

The philosophy of the Federal University of Technology, Akure is to produce technologically oriented graduates. In line with this philosophy, the Department trains graduates with a broad based knowledge of the various aspects of Physics with a bias towards electronics.

The programme of the Department is therefore designed to give students the required academic and practical background in Condensed Matter Physics, Atmospheric Physics, Radiation and Health Physics, Communication Physics and Electronic Instrumentation Physics.

The products of this programme can be easily employed in the communication, aviation and oil industry as well as research laboratories.

COURSE CURRICULUM FOR UNDERGRADUATE

C = Core Course

R = University Required Course

E = Elective Course

100 Level First Semester

1 PHY 101/105C General Physics I 2 1 0 3

2 PHY 103C General Physics III 2 0 0 2

3 PHY 107C General Physics Laboratory I 0 0 3 1

4 MTS 101R Introductory Mathematics I 2 1 0 3

5 CHE 101R General Chemistry I 2 1 3 4

6 GNS 101R Use of English I 2 0 0 2

7 GNS 103R Information Retrieval 1 0 0 1

8 MEE 101R Engineering Drawing 1 0 6 3

100 Level Second Semester

1. PHY 102C General Physics II 2 1 0 3

2. PHY 108C General Physics Laboratory II 0 0 3 1

3. MTS 102R Introductory Mathematics II 2 1 0 3

4. MTS 104R Introductory Applied Mathematics 2 1 0 3

5. CHE 102R General Chemistry II 2 1 3 4

6. GNS 102R Use of English II 2 0 0 2

7. MEE 102R Workshop Practice 0 0 6 2

8. GNS 106R Logic and Philosophy 2 0 0 2

200 Level First Semester

1. PHY 201C Elementary Modern Physics 2 1 0 3

2. PHY 203C Energy and Environment 1 0 0 1

3. PHY 205C Thermal Physics 2 1 0 3

4. PHY 207C Experimental Physics I 0 0 3 1

5. MTS 201C Mathematical Methods I 2 1 0 3

6. MTS 209C Differential Equations I 2 1 0 3

7. CSC 201R Introduction to FORTRAN Programming 3 1 0 4

8. CSP 201R General Agriculture (Theory) 1 0 0 1

200 Level Second Semester

1. PHY 202C Electric Circuits and Electronics 2 1 0 3

2. PHY 204C Waves and Optics 2 1 0 3

3. PHY 208C Experimental Physics II 0 0 3 1

4. PHY 210C Basic Electronics 2 1 3 4

5. MTS 122C Statistics for Physical Science 2 1 0 3

6. GNS 202R Principles of Economics 2 1 0 3

7. CSP 210R General Agriculture (Practical) 0 0 6 2

8. MET 204 Introduction to the Atmosphere 3 0 0 3

300 Level First Semester

1. PHY 301C Analytical Mechanics I 2 1 0 3

2. PHY 303C Electricity & Magnetism 2 1 0 3

3. PHY 305C Quantum Physics 2 1 0 3

4. PHY 307C Experimental Physics III 0 0 3 1

5. PHY 313C Electric Circuit Theory 3 0 0 3

6. PHY 315C Introductory Solid State Electronics 3 0 0 3

7. PHY 317C Special Relativity 2 0 0 2

8. PHY 319C Electronic practical I 0 0 3 1

9. MTS 301C Vector and Tensor Analysis 2 1 0 3

10. PMT 301R Introduction to Entrepreneurship 2 0 0 2

300 Level Second Semester

1. PHY 302C Analytical Mechanics II 2 1 0 3

2. PHY 304C Electro-magnetic Waves & Optics 2 1 0 3

3. PHY 306C Statistical & Thermal Physics 2 1 0 3

4. PHY 308C Experimental Physics IV 0 0 3 1

5. PHY 310C Basic Amplifier 2 0 3 3

6. PHY 314C Solid State Physics I 2 1 0 3

7. PHY 318C Electronic Practical II 0 0 3 1

8. MTS 302C Complex Analysis I 2 1 0 3

9. PMT 302R Practical Skills in Entrepreneurship 0 0 9 3

400 Level First Semester

1. PHY 401C Quantum Mechanics I 2 1 0 3

2. PHY 405C Mathematical Methods in Physics I 2 1 0 3

3. PHY 407C Computational Physics 2 1 0 3

4. PHY 409C Electrical Measurement and Instrumentation 2 0 3 3

5. PHY 415C Digital Electronics 2 0 3 3

6. PHY 417C Electronic Laboratory Techniques 0 0 6 2

7. PHY 419C Introduction to Telecommunication Systems 2 1 0 3

400 Level Second Semester

1. PHY 402C Industrial Training Site Supervisor’s Assessment 0 0 12 4

2. PHY 404C Industrial Training FUTA Supervisor’s Assessment 0 0 6 2

3. PHY 406C Student Report and Seminar Presentation 0 0 12 4

500 Level First Semester

1. PHY 501C Quantum Mechanics II 2 1 0 3

2. PHY 503C Semiconductor Technology 3 0 0 3

3. PHY 505C Mathematical Methods in Physics II 3 0 0 3

4. PHY 517C Electronic Devices, Designs and Fabrication 0 0 6 2

5. PHY 531C Nuclear and Particle Physics I 2 1 0 3

6. PHY 599C Final Year Student’s Project 0 0 18 6

500 Level Second Semester

1. PHY 502C Control Theory 2 0 0 2

2. PHY 504C Vacuum Physics and Thin Film Technology 2 1 0 3

3. PHY 512C Energy Conversion and Storage 3 0 0 3

4. PHY 522C Seminar 2 0 0 2

5. PHY 532C Nuclear and Particle Physics II 2 1 0 3

6. GNS 504 Entrepreneurship 2 1 0 3

Electives

1. PHY 509 Solid State Physics II 2 1 0 3

2. PHY 518 Atomic & Molecular Spectroscopy 2 1 0 3

3. CSC 403 Computer Networking 2 0 0 2

4. CSC 504 Computer Architecture 2 1 0 3

5. CSC 506 Technology Management and Professional Issues 2 1 0 3

Electives may also be chosen from Computer Science, Electrical/Electronics, GNS, Engineering and

other areas of Physics e.g. Applied Geophysics, Medical Physics, and Meteorology.

COURSE DESCRIPTION

PHY 101 – GENERAL PHYSICS I (MECHANICS) (3 UNITS)

Space and Time, Frames of Reference, Invariance of physical laws, Relativity of simultaneity, Relativity of

time intervals, relativity of length, units and dimension; standards and units, unit consistency and

conversions. Kinematics, Vectors and vector addition, Components of vectors, Unit vectors, Products of

vectors. Displacement, Time and average velocity, instantaneous velocity, average acceleration, motion with constant acceleration, freely falling bodies, position and velocity vectors, acceleration vector, projectile motion. Motion in a circle and Relative velocity. Fundamental laws of mechanics: forces and interactions, Newton’s first law, Newton’s second law, mass and weight, Newton’s third law. Statics and dynamics: application of Newton’s laws, dynamics of particles, frictional forces, dynamics of circular motion. Galilean invariance, universal gravitation, gravitational potential energy, elastic potential energy, conservative and non-conservative forces. Work and energy, kinetic energy and the work-energy theorem, power, momentum and impulse, conservation of momentum, collisions and momentum conservation, elastic collisions, centre of mass. Rotational dynamics and angular momentum, angular velocity and acceleration, energy in rotational motion, parallel axis theorem, torque, torque and rotation about a moving axis, simple harmonic motion and its applications. The simple pendulum, damped oscillations, forced oscillations and resonance.

PHY 102 – GENERAL PHYSICS II (ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM) (3 UNITS)

Co-requisite – IMC 102

Electrostatics: Conservation law of electric charges, electrons and electrostatics, Coulomb’s law, electric field and forces, electric field line, electric dipoles, charged particles in an electric field, charge and electric flux, Gauss’s law and its applications, electric potential, electric potential due to a single charge, electric potential due to a dipole, electric potential due to continuous charge distribution, equipotential surfaces. Conductors and currents: electric current, resistors and resistance, electric power, capacitors in series and parallel, energy storage in capacitors and electric field energy, Gauss’s law in dielectrics. Magnetism: magnetic field, magnetic field lines and magnetic flux, motion of a charged particles in a magnetic field, magnetic force on a current carry conductor, Ampere’s law, Biot-Savart law, electromagnetic induction, inductance, self inductance, mutual inductance, Maxwell’s equation, electromagnetic waves and oscillations.

PHY 103 – GENERAL PHYSICS III (2 Units)

Molecular treatment of properties of matter, Elasticity; Hooke’s Law, Young’s shear and bulk moduli.

Hydrostatics; Pressure, buoyancy. Archimedes Principles. Hydrodynamics; Streamlines Bernoulli and continuity equations. Turbulence, Reynold’s number. Viscosity; laminar flow, Poiseuille’s equation. Surface tension; adhesion, cohesion, capillarity, drops and bubbles. Temperature; the zeroth law of thermodynamics; heat; gas laws of thermodynamics; Kinetic theory of gases. Application.

PHY 107/108 – GENERAL PHYSICS LABORATORY I/II (1 UNIT EACH)

The experiments include: Mechanics: timing experiments, simple pendulum, compound pendulum,

measurement of g, moments, determination of moment of inertia, measurement of viscosity, use of force

board, law of momentum. Optics: reflection using plane mirror, convex/concave mirror, concave/convex lens, refraction using a prism, critical angle, apparent depth/real depth, simple microscope, compound microscope. Electricity: Ohm’s law, heating effect of a current, internal resistance of a cell, meter/Wheatstone Bridge, potentiometer measurement of ece, plotting of magnetic field. Heat: measurement of specific heat capacity of water and a solid, expansion of gas experiment using a long capillary tube, Joule’s law. Sound: resonance tube, sonometer.

PHY 201 – ELEMENTARY MODERN PHYSICS (3 UNITS)

Pre-requisite – PHY 102

Special Relativity, Defects in Newtonian Mechanics, the speed of light, the Lorentz transformation,

transformation of velocities. Experimental basis of quantum theory; Black body radiation, electrons and

quanta, Bohr’s theory of atomic structure, De Broglie hypothesis, the uncertainly principle; Schrodinger’s

equation and simple applications.

PHY 202 – ELECTRIC CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS (3 UNITS)

Pre-requisite – PHY 102

D.C. Circuits: Kirchoff’s Law, sources of emf and current, Network analysis and circuit theorems. A.C. Circuits: Inductance, capacitance, the transformer, sinusoidal wave-forms, rms and peak values, power, impedanceand admittance, series RLC circuit, Q factor, resonance, Network analysis and circuit theorems, filters. Electronics: semiconductors, the pn-junction, field effect transistors, bipolar transistors, characteristic and equivalent circuits; amplifier, feedback.

PHY 203 – ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT (1 UNIT)

Energy: Terminology and concept; energy in surroundings, kinds of energy and its conversion; mechanical

energy, electrical energy, wave energy, thermal energy. Energy use, alternative energy; wind power,

biomass, solar nuclear, energy from oceans. Energy efficiency, saving energy, renewable and non renewable, energy conservation and energy crisis. Relationship between energy and environment. The elements which gives an effect to living things; temperature, light, water, ecology and adaptation, hospitable environment; ecology and ecological equilibrium, pollution, preservation of environment. Pollution problems; mechanism about pollution as biological magnification, avid rain, green house effect.

PHY 204 – WAVES AND OPTICS (3 UNITS)

Pre-requisites – PHY 101, PHY 102 and IMC 104

Wave phenomena: Acoustical waves, the harmonic oscillator, damped oscillation, forced oscillation,

resonance, equations of simple harmonic oscillation, waves on a string, waves in pipes; closed pipes, open

pipes, end correction. Energy in wave motion, longitudinal waves, standing waves, super position of waves;

group and phase velocity, Doppler effect, physical optic, spherical waves, electromagnetic spectrum,

interference; Young’s double, slit, thin film. Diffraction: Frannhofer diffraction, crystal diffraction, polarization of waves, holography, dispersion and scattering. Geometrical optics: rays and beams of light, images in plane and curved mirrors, reflection and refraction at plane surfaces. Mirror formula, reflection at spherical surfaces, thin lenses, spherical aberration, optical lenses, prisms, spectrum of light.

PHY 205 – THERMAL PHYSICS (3 UNITS)

Pre-requisites – PHY 103 and IMC 104

The foundation of classical thermodynamics including the zeroth and definition of temperature; the first law, work, heat and internal energy, Carnot cycles and second law; entropy and irreversibility, thermodynamic potentials and the Maxwell relations. Applications: Qualitative discussion of phase transitions; third law of thermodynamics, ideal and real gases, Elementary kinetic theory of gases including Boltzmann counting, Maxwell-Boltzmann law of distribution of velocities. Simple applications of the distribution law.

PHY 207/208 – EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS I/II (1 UNIT EACH)

Pre-requisite – PHY 107/108

The laboratory course consists of a group of experiments drawn from diverse area of Physics (Optics,

Electromagnetism, Mechanics, Modern Physics etc). i.e. experiments on determination of moment of inertia

of a bar using a bifilar suspension, determination of the moment of inertia of flywheel, principles of moment, principles of kinematics, spiral spring, determination of the acceleration of gravity by means of a compound pendulum, coefficient of static and dynamic friction for wood, determination of the refractive index of a prism, determination of the focal length of an inaccessible converging lens by Newton’s method, determination of the focal length of a converging lens by location of virtual images, determination of the focal length of a converging lens by the self conjugate method. Determination of the focal length of a diverging lens using a concave mirror and a converging lens, determination of the focal length of a converging lens by displacement method, determination of the focal length of a convex mirror using a plane mirror and a converging mirror calibration of a voltmeter using a potentiometer circuit, determination of the emf of a thermo-couple and the boiling point of salt solution suing a potentiometer circuit, measurement of the resistivity of the material of a wire, comparison of two nearly equal low resistance using the carey-foster bridge, calibration of ammeter using a potentiometer circuit, determination of the temperature coefficient of resistance of a copper coil, use of potentiometer as an ideal voltmeter and use of potentiometer to compare two emfs, determination of unknown length of wire, determination of the specific latent heat of ice, determination of the specific heat capacity of a liquid by method of electrical heating, determination of the cubical expansivity of water at various temperature ranges, determination of the thermal conductivity of a good conducting material (searis’s method), determination of specific heat capacity of a liquid by method of cooling, determination of specific heat capacities by method of

mixture, determination of apparent coefficient of expansion of a liquid, determination of saturated vapour

pressure of water at different temperature, determination of specific heat capacity of water by the continuous flow method, heat loss from surfaces.

PHY 210 – BASIC ELECTRONICS (4 UNITS)

Resistance and Resistors: Types, resistors combinations, resistor power ratings, determination of resistor

values, resistor problems and resistor in AC and DC circuits. Capacitance and Capacitors: types of capacitors, capacitor combinations, capacitor working voltage ratings, determination of capacitor values and capacitors in AC and DC circuits. Inductors and Transformers: types of inductor and transformers, inductor combinations, transformer power ratings, inductor and transformer troubles, inductors and transformer in AC and DC circuits. P-n junction devices: types of diodes (e.g. general-purpose and special purpose diodes), operation of the general purpose diodes is the forward and reverse modes. Circuit application of LEDs, zeners and their common troubles. Characteristics and mode of operations of Bipolar junctions transistor (BJT) and field effect transistors. P-n junction devices troubles. Small signal amplifiers: transistors biasing techniques, amplifier in the common emitter (CE) common base (CB) and common collector (CC) modes. AC analysis of small signal BJT amplifiers. Load line analysis, evaluation of input impedance, voltage gain, output impedance. Combinational logic circuits: logic gate, truth tables, gate conversions, Minterms and Maxterms. Simple circuit design using universal logic gates. Oscillators and Timmo circuits: feedback, types of oscillators, conditions for oscillation, Wien bridge oscillator, phase-shift oscillators and Astable multi-vibrator. Electronics before the invention of solid state devices: triodes, valves and other devices that uses thermionic emission. Laboratory instruments: Digital Multimeters (DMMs), function generators, cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO).

PHY 301 – ANALYTICAL MECHANICS I (3 UNITS)

Pre-requisites – IMC 201

Newtonian Mechanics: motion of a particle in one, two and three dimensions; systems of particles and

collision theory; equilibrium of a system of particles. Newtonian gravitation, conservative forces and

potentials, oscillations, central force problems, accelerated frames of reference, rigid body dynamics,

equilibrium of a rigid body, displacement of a rigid body. Generalized motion; mechanics of continuous media.

PHY 302 – ANALYTICAL MECHANICS II (3 UNITS)

Pre-requisite – PHY 301

Degrees of freedom; generalized coordinates and constraint. Work and potential energy. Lagrange’s

formulation of mechanics and applications. Hamilton’s formulation of mechanics and its applications.

Hamilton-Jacobi equation and waves of constant action, free space and its applications, invariance and

conservation laws. Oscillatory systems, including damped force and coupled oscillations; Normal modes,

stability and normal modes of vibration. The Calculus of variations and the action principle.

PHY 303 – ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM (3 UNITS)

Pre-requisites – PHY 201 and 203

Fields: Vector and scalar fields. Electrostatics and Magnetostatics. Electric field; electric field due to a line

displacement and displacement density. Coulomb’s law. Electric potential; potential due to a distribution of charges, electric potential due to a dipole, earth’s potential, equipotential surfaces, electric properties of materials. Gauss’s law. Laplace’s equation and boundary value problems; multiple expansions, dielectric and magnetic materials. Faraday’s law. Motional emf, Electromagnetic induction, Biot-Savart law, Ampere’s law. Energy in magnetic Fields.

PHY 304 – ELECTRO-MAGNETIC WAVES AND OPTICS (2 UNITS)

Pre-requisite – PHY 303

Maxwell’s equations; implications of Maxwell’s equations. Electromagnetic potentials. The wave equation.

Propagation of waves: conductors and dielectrics, plane waves in a conducting medium, plane waves in

perfect dielectric with small loss, propagation in good conductors, poynting vector, skin or penetration depth. Energy of electromagnetic waves. Reflection and refraction of electromagnetic waves: reflection from a perfect conductor at oblique incidence, ratio of reflected to incident electric field strength, Brewster angle. Transmission lines: two wire open time, coaxial cables, strip and micro strip, wave guides and optical fibres. Transmission line classification: lobbless line, low-less line, low frequency line, high frequency line, distortionless lines. Phase and group delay.

PHY 305 – QUANTUM PHYSICS (3 UNITS)

Pre-requisite – PHY 201

Wave-particle duality and the uncertainty principle, basic principles of quantum theory; the time dependent and time independent schrodinger equation, applications of schrodinger equation to the free particles, particle in the infinite and fine potential wells, the three dimensional box, and their applications. The simple harmonic oscillator and its applications. Reflection and transmission of potential steps, finite potential barrier and their applications.

PHY 306 – STATISTICAL AND THERMAL PHYSICS (3 UNITS)

Pre-requisite – PHY 103 and PHY 305

Basic concept of statistical mechanics: microscopic basic of thermodynamics and applications, macroscopic

systems, equilibrium of an isolated system and system in a heat bath, perfect classical gas, quantum

mechanical ensemble, velocity distribution, grand canonical ensembles, Fermi Dirac distribution function,

application of Fermi Dirac statistics, Fermi energy, Bose-Einstein distribution function, condensed states,

phase transformations, quantum distributions, elementary kinetic theory of transport processes, fluctuation

phenomena. Applications.

PHY 307/308 – EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS III/IV (1 UNIT EACH)

Pre-requisite – PHY 207/208

A year-long series of mini courses on important experimental techniques. Topics covered include optics:

determination of refractive index of glass prism, a liquid using graphical method. Determination of the focal

length of a convex lens using different methods. Mechanics: determination of the effective mass of a spring.

Determination of the acceleration due to gravity. Determination of the radius of gyration of a wheel and axle. Investigation of how the time of vibration varies with length of vibrating string. Determination of moment of inertia. Sound: determination of the velocity of sound using a resonance tube. Electricity: Determination of the internal resistance of a cell.

PHY 309 – ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT (1 UNIT)

Energy basics and efficiency, first and second laws of thermodynamics. Energy sources and consumption.

Energy conservation and cogeneration. Fossil fuels, environmental effects of oil and natural gas. Coal and the environment. Alternative energy sources: Geothermal energy, use of geothermal energy and the environment. Renewable alternative energy sources: direct solar collectors, photo voltaic solar energy and the environment, tidal power, water power and the environment. Energy from biomass, net energy yield from biomass, energy from biomass and the environment. Nuclear energy: fission reactors, burner reactors, breeder reactors, radiation doses and health nuclear power-plant accidents. Radioactive waste management. The future of nuclear energy. Energy policy. Integrated energy management.

PHY 310 – BASIC AMPLIFIERS (3 UNITS)

Pre-requisite – PHY 210 and 315

Frequency response analysis of electronic amplifiers. Calculation of input resistance, output resistance, current voltage and power gains using h and T parameters. Common-base, Common-emitter and Common-collector amplifiers. Oscillators: Rc oscillators; Phase shift and Wien bridge. LC oscillators; colpitts, clap and Hartley. Introduction to OP amps. Use of op amps as a summer, differentiator, integrator and differential amplifier. Power amplifiers, instrumentation amplifier, field effect transistor circuits, stabilized power supplies and voltage regulation circuits. Transducers noise and interface in systems. Introduction to multi stage amplifiers. Differential amplifier circuits.

PHY 313 – ELECTRIC CIRCUIT THEORY (3 UNITS)

Pre-requisite – PHY 202

General outline of linear circuits and linear circuit analysis, linear transformations, one port and two port

networks, single phase sinusoidal alternating current circuits, locks diagrams, polyphase circuits, network

topology. The methods of symmetrical components, some properties of three phase systems, examples of

networks of unbalanced impedances. Distribution parameter networks. Ladder networks periodic nonsinusoidal currents in linear circuit, Fourier series, harmonics in three-phase systems. Conventional filter design and operation. Operational methods of transient analysis of distributed parameter networks, non-linear a.c. circuits, frequency response of electrical networks. Bode plots. Poles and zeroes and time delay, rootlocus concepts.

PHY 314 – SOLID STATE PHYSICS (3 UNITS)

Pre-requisite – PHY 305

Crystal structure: Different types of crystal structures, packing fraction, planes and directions, miller indices, x-ray diffraction, Braglis law and indexing of x-ray in crystal binding, binding forces in crystal, different types of bonding in crystals. Elastic properties of solids, medlung constant, binding energy per electron of crystals. Lattice vibration, lattice heat capacity of solids, Einstein model, Debye model, free electron theory of metals. Superconductivity: occurrence of superconductivity, type I and II superconductors, messoner effect, theories of superconductivity, BCS theory of superconductivity, Josephson’s effect and applications.

PHY 315 – INTRODUCTORY SOLID STATE ELECTRONICS (3 UNITS)

Electrical condition in metals and semiconductors, energy barrier, motion of electrons in electric and magnetic fields, Hall effect, Thermoelectric effects, Photoelectric and Secondary Electronic Emissions Phenomena. Photo-conduction. Devices based on Photoelectric effects, photoconductive and secondary emission effects. Photomultipliers and Photodiodes. Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, fabrication of simple devices, pn junction, bipolar and field effect transistor. Solar cells.

PHY 317 - SPECIAL RELATIVITY (2 UNITS)

Galilean transformations and limitation of Newtonian mechanics, constancy of speed of light. MichelsonMorley experiment. Lorentz-Einstein transformations. Space-time diagram, event and world lines. Proper time and time dilation. Proper distance and length contraction. Simultaneity of events, relativistic addition of events. Doppler Effect. Relativistic kinematics and dynamics, mass-energy equivalence, four vectors, Spacetime and energy-momentum, invariants relativity and electric and magnetic fields. Invariance of Maxwell equation.

PHY 318 – Electronic Practical II

Single stage amplifiers: Common emitter, common base, common collector, Multistage amplifiers, Power

supplies and voltage regulators, Power amplifiers Oscillators: Wien bridge, Hartley and Colpitts, FET, its

characteristics common source and common drain amplifiers.

PHY 319 – Electronic Practical I

I-V Characteristics of the diode. Rectifier circuits: Half-wave, full wave and full wave bridge rectifier circuits. DC – to – DC converters, buck converter, wave-shaping circuits: clamping circuits, clipping circuits, voltage transfer characteristics of the diode; photo diode, photo detectors, LEDs, LDR, Forward current transfer ratio, silicon control rectifier, Transistor as a switch.

PHY 401 – QUANTUM MECHANICS I (3 UNITS)

Pre-requisites – PHY 304 and IMC 209

The formulation of quantum mechanics in term of state vectors and linear operators: Definition and

properties of linear operators, adjoint operators, null operators, complex operators, Schrodinger equation

from operator formalism, Schrodinger equation in momentum representation, Representation of state vectors and state Function in terms of matrix. Dirac Bra and Ket notation, Eigen values and Eigen function. Three dimensionally spherically symmetric potentials. Solution of Schrodinger equation in spherically symmetric potential. Free particle in a spherically symmetric potential, the hydrogen atom. Theory of angular momentum and spin. Definition of angular momentum in term of operators, communication relating in angular momentum Rotation of angular momentum, Eigen values of angular momentum and L2. Spin angular momentum and their representation, Pauli spin matrix identical particles and exclusion principle, Symmetric and anti-symmetric wave function and their construction, Slater determinant, Boson and Fermions, Spin-half particles in a box and study of their properties. Method of approximation: Semi- classical approximation (WKB approximation), the Rayleigh-Ritz approximation, Time independent perturbation theory for stationary state. Multi-electron atom, control field approximation, Determination of the central potential; The Hartree-Fock or self-consistent Field method, Thomas Fermi Model.

PHY 402, PHY 404 and PHY 406 – SECOND SEMESTER PLUS LONG VACATION (SIWES)

Industrial Attachment (Log book personal Data): Organisational profile, Daily Record of student activities,

Project assigned, special design(s), weekly record of work done, Monthly comments. Biodata, programme

appraisal, accomplishments, design and evaluation. Industrial Attachment (Report write-up based on the industrial experience gained): Write-up contains four chapters, defense of report in the department.

PHY 405 – MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN PHYSICS I (3 UNITS)

Pre-requisite – IMC 209

Linear algebra and functional analysis: Transformation in linear vector space and matrix theory. Hilbert space and complete sets of orthogonal functions. Special Functions of Mathematical physics. The gamma function, hyper-geometric functions, Legendre functions, Bessel functions. Hermit and Languerre function. The Dirac Delta function. Integral Transforms, Fourier series and Fourier transforms, Laplace transform. Application of transform methods to the solution of elementary differential equations of interest in Physics and Engineering.

PHY 407 – COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS (3 UNITS)

Use of numerical methods such as Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s rule, Gaussian quadrature, linear interpolation, Finite difference, self-consist solution of some problems in Physics, Numerical differentiation, Finite difference approximation. Numerical solutions of differential equations in Physics. Concept of error and statistical analysis in Physics, various methods of numerical integration, differentiation. Statistical analysis of experimental data. Computer programming in Fortran, Basic and Visual Basic: rudiments of computer programming.

PHY 409 – ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION (3 UNITS)

Pre-requisite – PHY 210

Principle of measurements, errors, accuracy. Units of measurement and electrical standards. Detailed

construction of measuring instruments (moving coil and moving iron meters). Types and effects of damping

on these instruments. Detailed description of the wattmeter, Q-meter and semiconductor testers, circuit

diagrams of synchronous and asynchronous semiconductor counters of modulo 10 and 12 using CMOS and

TTL integrated circuits. Digital voltmeter. Use of 7106 and 7107 integrated circuits for LED and LCD displays. Operational amplifier for measurement of ac and dc voltage and current. Introduction to the design of

electronics instruments for the measurement of temperature, resistance, liquid level, speed etc.

PHY 415 – DIGITAL ELECTRONICS (3 UNITS)

Pre-requisite – PHY 315

The transistor as a switch, power dissipation, base over drive, storage drive and switching speed. Logic gates: AND, OR, NAND, NOR, EX-OR, EX-NOR. Truth tables, noise margin, totem pole, open collector and tristate outputs, TTL, CMOS, NMOS and ECL. Combinational systems, Boolean algebra, identities, De-Morgan’s law, Karnaugh maps, Quinne McClusky Minimization by computer aided techniques. The half and full Adder. Flipflop: R-S, J-K and D types, Edge and level trigger, master- slave types, the shift register. Circuit techniques. Oscillators sine wave amplitude control, sequencing, frequency stability, waveform discrimination. Practical ramp generators. Conversion techniques; frequency to voltage, staircase generation, analogue to digital, Digital to Analogue. Termination of pulsed lines, Beageron diagram. Low noise amplifier design. Use of discrete components for minimum noise.

PHY 417 – ELECTRONIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES (2 UNITS)

This laboratory course consists of a group of experiments drawn from various topics in electronics such as the characteristics of FETS, single stage common emitter, common base and common collector amplifiers,

common source and common drain FET amplifiers. Multi stage amplifiers using BJTS and FETS. Construction

and measurement of the characteristics of phase shift, Wien bridge, Colpitts, Hartley and tuned collector

oscillators. Stabilized power supplies using BJTS and OP amp as the control element. Characteristics and uses of OP amps as an inverter, summer, differentiator and integrator. Characteristics and uses of logic gates as counters and registers. Construction of weighted resistor and R-2R digital to analogue converters. Flash, dual slope, counter type and ramp analogue to digital converters.

PHY 419 – INTRODUCTION TO TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS (3 UNITS)

Modulation: Amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, phase modulation systems; Radio and T.V.

systems: modes of transmission; waveguides, radio waves, satellite communications. Lines loses: Types of

transmission lines, lobby lines, lobbless lines, propagation constant, attenuation constant and characteristics impedance of transmission lines. Networking, Topology, Digital transmission. Radar: Principles of radar, radar equation, types of radar. Telephone: Parts of the telephone, making a call.

PHY 501 – QUANTUM MECHANICS II (3 UNITS)

Pre-requisites – PHY 401 and IMC 209

Time-independent perturbation theory: Stationary perturbation theory, second order correction and Higher

order wave function, The perturbed harmonic oscillator, Gravitational energy shift in atomic hydrogen, Timeindependent perturbation theory for degenerate energy level, Doubly degenerate energy level, Quasidegenerate states, The stark effect, The Fine structure constant and anomalous Zeeman effect. Time

Dependent perturbation theory: variation of constants, General features of time-dependent perturbation

theory, Transition probability, Thomas-Fermi golden rule, time dependent perturbation theory for nondegenerate and degenerate cases; Two-level system. Time-independent perturbation theory for transitions. Scattering theory; Basic definitions and general features of the scattering potential, Method of partial waves, Applications of natural wave method, Resonance scattering, scattering by hand sphere potential, nucleonnucleon scattering, nucleon-proton scattering, Transition matrix, The Bohr approximation, Green’s Function of the Schrödinger equation for a single particle and time – dependent Green’s Function theory, elastics potential scattering. Green’s function and partial wave methods. Selected phenomena from each of atomic physics, molecular physics, Solid State Physics and nuclear Physics are described and then interpreted using quantum mechanical models.

PHY 502 – CONTROL THEORY (3 UNITS)

Basic concepts and examples of control systems. Introduction to Laplace transform: theories of Laplace

transform, derivation of inverse transform. Use of Laplace transform in the solution of differential equations. Reduction of control problems to block diagrams. Block diagram algebra. Reduction of control problems to differential equations and solution of second order differential equation with step input, impulse input and sinusoidal input. Laplace transform and its use in the solution. Feedback, time response analysis, concept of stability, Routh Hurwitz criterion. Root locus techniques. Frequency response analysis, polar and Bode plots, Nyquist stability criteria, Nichol’s chart, compensation technique and introduction to non-linear systems.

PHY 503 – SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY (3 UNITS)

Pre-requisite – PHY 210 and 401

The chemical physics of semiconductors, preparation, purification, growth of simple crystals, evaluation of

chemical structural properties, doping effect, mechanical and metallurgical properties. Thermodynamic and kinetic consideration in crystal growth from melt and by chemical vapour transport techniques. Scanning and ransmission, electron microscopy, X-ray Photograph, photo luminescence and mass spectroscopy, Si, Ge, GaAs, GaP, InSo and other common compound semiconductors, their preparation and measurements of electrical properties. Processing of semiconductive material for device fabrication. Formation of p.n junction. Luminescence and Luminescent materials, Photo emissive and photoconductive materials. Materials for IC’s and their fabrication.

PHY 504 – VACUUM PHYSICS AND THIN FILM TECHNOLOGY (3 UNITS)

Pre-requisite – PHY 210

Design and characteristics of vacuum systems; different types of vacuum pumps and their uses, measurement of low pressure, different types of pressure gauges, use of valves and other vacuum materials. Industrial uses of vacuum systems, vacuum heating, furnace, induction heating, electron bombardment heating. Thin Film Technology Vacuum evaporation by various means, evaporation sources and techniques, substrate and surfaces preparation for thin film deposition in vacuum. Epitaxial growth processes. Heat treatment of thin film, compatibility of film and substrates, sputtering techniques. Deposition of thin insulating films by Rutherford sputtering, preparation and use of masks for thin film deposition. Characterization and application of thin films.

PHY 505 - MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN PHYSICS II (3 UNITS)

Partial Differential Equations: Solution of boundary value problem of partial differential equations by various methods which include; separation of variables, the method of integral transforms. Sturm-Liouvelle theory, Uniqueness of solutions. Calculus of residues and applications to evaluation integral and summation of series. Applications to various physical situations which may include electromagnetic theory, quantum theory, diffusion phenomena.

PHY 509 – SOLID STATE PHYSICS II (3 UNITS)

Pre-requisite – PHY 401

Dielectric properties of solids, polarization, plasma, oscillation in solids, polaron and its dispersion relation.

Molecular field theory, classical and Quantum theories of magnetism. Applications of magnetic materials,

concepts of defects in solids, imperfections in solids, Trenknel defects, Schokky defects and Einstein’s

diffusion equation. Magnetic properties of materials; magnetic susceptibility, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetism, ferrimagnetism, domain theory, Langevin theory of diamagnetism and paramagnetism. Quantum theory of magnetism, magnetic resonance, imperfection in solids, Frankel and Schokky defects, Fick’s law, Einstein’s law and diffusion of imperfections in solid.

PHY 512 – ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE (3 UNITS)

Theory of modern energy conversion, transmission and storage methods; Windmills, Heat engines, Classical

engines. Ocean thermal energy converters, techno-electric, thermionic, fuel cells, production of hydrogen,

electrolytic, chemical thermolytic, photolytic, hydrogen storage. Photoelectron converters, photo thermovoltaic converters. Biomass, Photosynthesis, production of methanol and ethanol from vegetable matter.

PHY 517 - THEORY OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES, DESIGNS AND FABRICATION (3 UNITS)

Pre-requisite – PHY 417

Fabrication, design and application of micro-circuits, IC technology, doping process, fabrication of simple

devices, p-n junction, LEDs, transistors. Classification of Integrated circuits, Merits of Integrated circuit (IC), Bipolar Monolithic circuits, Metal-oxide silicon (MOS) IC’s, Hybrid ICs, Thin and Thick-film Techniques, Basic

processes in thin film Technology, Anodization, Thin film Resistors, Thin film Capacitor, Thin film Inductors,

Substrates, Thick film components, Monolithic Techniques, Basic Fabrication Sequence, Growth and Refining of Silicon Crystals, Epitaxial process, Diffusion, Surface Passivation, Photolithograph, Metallization, Isolation, Monolithic Transistors and Diodes, Monolithic Junction FET and MOSFET, Special MOS processes, Advantages and demerits of MOS devices, Ion Implantation, Design guidelines for monolithic, ICs (include operanges), Practical hints on Photolithograph.

PHY 518 – ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY (3 UNITS)

The hydrogen atom, the Bohr’s theory, the Bohr-Sommerfeld theory, the energy of elliptical orbits. The

Relativistic correction and its effects. Electron spin and the vector model of the atom. Identical particles and symmetry. Many electron atoms, coupling scheme. The diatomic molecule, hyperfine structure, Zeeman effects, Frand-condon principle, x-ray diffraction, Compton effects, reflection, refraction and polarization of xrays, effects of x-rays. Microwave methods, resonance phenomena, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ES, optical pumping and Mossbauer Effect.

PHY 522 – SEMINAR (2 UNITS)

The students are given specific seminar topics in various areas of Physics to be researched under the

guidance of the supervising lecturer. The write-ups are submitted for grading and correction. The assessment includes 60 percent oral presentation; averaged from all the scores of the departmental academic staff. The remaining 40 percent is awarded by the seminar supervisor. Three copies of the seminar are submitted to the department after the final correction.

PHY 531 – NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS I (3 UNITS)

Pre-requisite – PHY 305

Nuclear structure, nuclear properties: nuclear size, nuclear masses; nuclear models, nuclear forces, the

deuteron, neutron-proton and proton-proton scattering at low energies. Radio-active Decay; Alpha, beta,

gamma decays. Nuclear reactions, reaction cross sections, compound nucleus formation and breakup.

PHY 532 – NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS II (3 UNITS)

Pre-requisite – PHY 401

Radiation sources: fast electron, internal conversion, Auger electrons, charged particle sources, sources of

electromagnetic radiation, annihilation radiation, Bremsstrahlung, characteristic x-ray, synchrotron radiation. Nuclear Instrumentations and radiation detection techniques; detectors, nuclear spectroscopy. Neutron physics; Production, detection of neutrons. Nuclear reactor, nuclear energy, Fission and fusion. Elementary particles: Conservation laws, partial classification. Strong electromagnetic and weak interactions, nuclear astrophysics, heavy-ions physics, particle production, quantum chronodynamics, quark density functions, CP violations and heavy quarks.

PHY 534 – INTRODUCTION TO ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS – ELECTIVE (3 UNITS)

Geographical, hydrostatic equation, static stability, solar and terrestrial radiation principles of radiative

transfer, moisture variables, lapse rate, types and characteristics of atmospheric stability. Atmospheric layers and characteristics. Geostrophic and thermal winds, vertical fluxes of heat, Types of chonids and their classification. Precipitation, distribution of water vapour and temperature.

PHY 599 – FINAL YEAR STUDENT’S PROJECT (6 UNITS)

Independent research project topics from all areas of Physics: Solid State Physics, Nuclear and Health

Physics, Atmospheric/Communication Physics, Instrumentation and Electronics, Environmental Physics. The

students are provided with research topics under lecturer’s supervision. The research is either experimental or theoretical. The work is done under close supervision by assigned lecturer. The assessment includes

supervisor’s grade, oral presentation and external examiner’s grade. The student’s are mandated to submit

three binded copies of the thesis after the external examiner’s assessment.